光子學(xué)領(lǐng)域核心英語(yǔ)詞匯手冊(cè)（500詞)

Essential English Vocabulary in Optics and Photonics

KEWLAB中國(guó)技術(shù)博客系列 | 專為光電領(lǐng)域研究生編撰

前言

本手冊(cè)精選了光學(xué)、激光和光子學(xué)領(lǐng)域最基礎(chǔ)、最常用的500個(gè)核心詞匯。每個(gè)詞條不僅提供中文翻譯，更包含專業(yè)定義，幫助研究生準(zhǔn)確理解和運(yùn)用這些術(shù)語(yǔ)。這些詞匯是閱讀文獻(xiàn)、撰寫論文、學(xué)術(shù)交流中的必備基礎(chǔ)。

第一部分：基礎(chǔ)光學(xué)概念 (Fundamental Optical Concepts)

1.Wavelength (λ) - 波長(zhǎng)

The distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in an electromagnetic wave. Measured in nanometers (nm) for visible light.

2.Frequency (ν) - 頻率

The number of wave cycles that pass a fixed point per unit time. Related to wavelength by c = λν, where c is the speed of light.

3.Amplitude - 振幅

The maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position, determining the intensity of light.

4.Phase - 相位

The position of a wave at a specific point in time within its cycle, measured in radians or degrees.

5.Intensity - 強(qiáng)度

The power per unit area of electromagnetic radiation, proportional to the square of the amplitude.

6.Power - 功率

The rate of energy transfer by electromagnetic radiation, measured in watts (W).

7.Energy - 能量

For a photon: E = hν, where h is Planck's constant and ν is frequency. Measured in joules (J).

8.Photon - 光子

The quantum of electromagnetic radiation; a particle of light carrying energy E = hν.

9.Beam - 光束

A directional projection of light energy radiating from a source.

10.Ray - 光線

An idealized model of light represented by a straight line indicating the direction of light propagation.

11.Wave - 波

The oscillating electromagnetic field that characterizes light propagation through space.

12.Speed of light (c) - 光速

The constant speed at which light travels in vacuum: c = 299,792,458 m/s.

13.Refractive index (n) - 折射率

The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to its speed in a material: n = c/v.

14.Reflection - 反射

The change in direction of a light wave at an interface between two media, returning into the original medium.

15.Refraction - 折射

The change in direction of light as it passes from one medium to another with different refractive indices.

16.Transmission - 透射

The passage of light through a medium without being absorbed.

17.Absorption - 吸收

The process by which light energy is converted to other forms of energy within a material.

18.Scattering - 散射

The deflection of light rays in random directions by particles or irregularities in a medium.

19.Diffraction - 衍射

The bending of light waves around obstacles or through apertures, causing spreading of the beam.

20.Interference - 干涉

The superposition of two or more waves resulting in a new wave pattern with regions of constructive and destructive combination.

21.Coherence - 相干性

The property of waves having a constant phase relationship, enabling stable interference patterns.

22.Polarization - 偏振

The orientation of the electric field vector of an electromagnetic wave.

23.Dispersion - 色散

The dependence of refractive index on wavelength, causing separation of white light into colors.

24.Aperture - 孔徑

An opening through which light passes in an optical system.

25.Focal length (f) - 焦距

The distance from a lens or mirror to its focal point where parallel rays converge.

26.Focal point - 焦點(diǎn)

The point where light rays converge after passing through a lens or reflecting from a curved mirror.

27.Optical axis - 光軸

The line passing through the center of a lens or optical system along which there is rotational symmetry.

28.Divergence - 發(fā)散

The increase in beam diameter with distance from the source, measured in milliradians (mrad).

29.Collimation - 準(zhǔn)直

The process of making light rays parallel, producing a beam with minimal divergence.

30.Numerical aperture (NA) - 數(shù)值孔徑

A measure of a lens's ability to gather light and resolve fine details: NA = n·sin(θ).

31.Resolution - 分辨率

The ability of an optical system to distinguish between closely spaced objects.

31.Magnification - 放大率

The ratio of image size to object size in an optical system.

33.Field of view - 視場(chǎng)

The extent of the observable area that can be seen through an optical instrument.

34.Aberration - 像差

Imperfections in image formation by an optical system, causing blurring or distortion.

35.Chromatic aberration - 色差

Image distortion caused by a lens focusing different wavelengths at different distances.

36.Spherical aberration - 球差

Image blurring caused by spherical surfaces focusing rays at different points along the optical axis.

37.Astigmatism - 像散

An aberration causing point sources to appear as lines or ellipses rather than points.

38.Wavefront - 波前

A surface of constant phase in a propagating wave.

39.Optical path length - 光程

The product of the geometric path length and the refractive index: OPL = n × d.

40.Birefringence - 雙折射

The property of materials having different refractive indices for different polarization directions.

第二部分：激光基礎(chǔ) (Laser Fundamentals)

41.Laser - 激光器

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation; a device producing coherent, monochromatic light.

42.Stimulated emission - 受激輻射

The process where an incoming photon causes an excited atom to emit an identical photon.

43.Spontaneous emission - 自發(fā)輻射

The random emission of photons from excited atoms without external stimulation.

44.Population inversion - 粒子數(shù)反轉(zhuǎn)

A condition where more atoms are in an excited state than in the ground state, necessary for lasing.

45.Gain medium - 增益介質(zhì)

The material in a laser where stimulated emission occurs and light is amplified.

46.Pump - 泵浦

The energy source (optical or electrical) used to create population inversion in the gain medium.

47.Threshold - 閾值

The minimum pump power required to initiate laser oscillation.

48.Cavity - 諧振腔

The optical resonator formed by mirrors that provides feedback for laser oscillation.

49.Output coupler - 輸出耦合鏡

A partially transmitting mirror that allows some laser light to exit the cavity.

50.Mode - 模式

A specific pattern of electromagnetic field distribution in the laser cavity.

51.Transverse mode - 橫模

The spatial intensity distribution perpendicular to the direction of beam propagation.

52.Longitudinal mode - 縱模

Discrete frequencies that can oscillate in the laser cavity, separated by c/2L.

53.TEM00 - 基橫模

The fundamental transverse mode with Gaussian intensity distribution.

54.Gaussian beam - 高斯光束

A beam with Gaussian transverse intensity profile, characteristic of TEM00 mode.

55.Beam waist - 束腰

The location where a Gaussian beam has its minimum radius.

56.Rayleigh range - 瑞利距離

The distance from the beam waist where the beam area doubles.

57.M2 (M-squared) - 光束質(zhì)量因子

A measure of beam quality compared to an ideal Gaussian beam; M2 ≥ 1.

58.Continuous wave (CW) - 連續(xù)波

Laser operation with constant output power over time.

59.Pulsed laser - 脈沖激光器

A laser emitting light in pulses rather than continuously.

60.Pulse duration - 脈沖寬度

The time duration of a single laser pulse, from nanoseconds to femtoseconds.

61.Pulse energy - 脈沖能量

The total energy contained in a single laser pulse.

62.Peak power - 峰值功率

The maximum instantaneous power during a pulse.

63.Average power - 平均功率

The total energy delivered per unit time, averaged over many pulses.

64.Repetition rate - 重復(fù)頻率

The number of pulses emitted per second, measured in Hz.

65.Q-switching - Q開(kāi)關(guān)

A technique to produce short, high-energy pulses by modulating cavity losses.

66.Mode-locking - 鎖模

A technique to generate ultrashort pulses by fixing the phase relationship between cavity modes.

67.Linewidth - 線寬

The spectral width of laser emission, indicating monochromaticity.

68.Tunability - 可調(diào)諧性

The ability to adjust the output wavelength of a laser.

69.Beam steering - 光束轉(zhuǎn)向

Controlling the direction of laser beam propagation.

70.Efficiency - 效率

The ratio of optical output power to input (pump) power.

第三部分：光學(xué)元件 (Optical Components)

71.Lens - 透鏡

An optical element that focuses or disperses light by refraction.

72.Mirror - 反射鏡

A surface that reflects light, typically with high reflectivity coating.

73.Prism - 棱鏡

A transparent optical element with flat surfaces that refracts light.

74.Grating - 光柵

An optical element with periodic structure that diffracts light into different orders.

75.Filter - 濾光片

An optical element that selectively transmits certain wavelengths while blocking others.

76.Polarizer - 偏振器

A device that transmits light of specific polarization while blocking orthogonal polarization.

77.Beam splitter - 分束器

An optical element that divides an incident beam into two or more beams.

78.Wave plate - 波片

An optical element that alters the polarization state by introducing phase delay between orthogonal components.

79.Half-wave plate - 半波片

A wave plate that introduces π phase shift, rotating linear polarization.

80.Quarter-wave plate - 四分之一波片

A wave plate that introduces π/2 phase shift, converting between linear and circular polarization.

81.Objective lens - 物鏡

The primary lens in a microscope or telescope that gathers light from the specimen.

82.Eyepiece - 目鏡

The lens through which the observer views the magnified image.

83.Collimator - 準(zhǔn)直器

An optical device that produces parallel light rays from a point source.

84.Attenuator - 衰減器

A device that reduces the intensity of light in a controlled manner.

85.Isolator - 隔離器

A device that allows light to pass in one direction while blocking reflection.

86.Shutter - 快門

A device that controls the exposure time by blocking or transmitting light.

87.Aperture stop - 孔徑光闌

An aperture that limits the cone angle of light entering an optical system.

88.Field stop - 視場(chǎng)光闌

An aperture that limits the field of view in an optical system.

89.Window - 窗口片

A transparent optical element that provides physical separation without optical power.

90.Substrate - 基底

The base material on which optical coatings or structures are deposited.

第四部分：光學(xué)探測(cè)器 (Optical Detectors)

91.Photodetector - 光電探測(cè)器

A device that converts optical signals into electrical signals.

92.Photodiode - 光電二極管

A semiconductor device that generates current when exposed to light.

93.Photomultiplier tube (PMT) - 光電倍增管

A vacuum tube detector with high sensitivity through electron multiplication.

94.Avalanche photodiode (APD) - 雪崩光電二極管

A photodiode with internal gain through avalanche multiplication.

95.CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) - 電荷耦合器件

An image sensor that converts light into electrical charge patterns.

96.CMOS sensor - CMOS傳感器

Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor image sensor with integrated circuitry.

97.Responsivity - 響應(yīng)度

The ratio of detector output (current or voltage) to incident optical power.

98.Quantum efficiency - 量子效率

The percentage of incident photons that generate electron-hole pairs.

99.Dark current - 暗電流

The current flowing through a detector in the absence of light.

100.Noise equivalent power (NEP) - 噪聲等效功率

The minimum detectable optical power that gives signal-to-noise ratio of 1.

101.Detectivity - 探測(cè)率

A figure of merit for detectors: D* = √(A·Δf)/NEP.

102.Dynamic range - 動(dòng)態(tài)范圍

The ratio between maximum and minimum detectable signal levels.

103.Bandwidth - 帶寬

The frequency range over which a detector can respond to modulated light.

104.Rise time - 上升時(shí)間

The time for detector output to increase from 10% to 90% of final value.

105.Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) - 信噪比

The ratio of signal power to noise power in the detector output.

第五部分：光纖基礎(chǔ) (Fiber Optics Basics)

106.Optical fiber - 光纖

A flexible, transparent fiber that guides light by total internal reflection.

107.Core - 纖芯

The central region of an optical fiber where light propagates.

108.Cladding - 包層

The outer layer of fiber with lower refractive index that confines light to the core.

109.Single-mode fiber - 單模光纖

Fiber supporting only one propagation mode, typically with core diameter ~9 μm.

110.Multimode fiber - 多模光纖

Fiber supporting multiple propagation modes, with core diameter 50-62.5 μm.

111.Mode - 模式

A specific solution of Maxwell's equations representing a propagation path in the fiber.

112.Attenuation - 衰減

The loss of optical power as light travels through fiber, measured in dB/km.

113.Dispersion - 色散

The spreading of optical pulses as they travel through fiber.

114.Chromatic dispersion - 色度色散

Pulse spreading due to wavelength-dependent propagation velocity.

115.Modal dispersion - 模式色散

Pulse spreading in multimode fiber due to different path lengths of modes.

116.Coupling - 耦合

The transfer of light into or between optical fibers.

117.Coupling efficiency - 耦合效率

The percentage of light successfully transferred between components.

118.Connector - 連接器

A device for joining optical fibers with repeatable connection and disconnection.

119.Splice - 熔接

A permanent joint between two optical fibers.

120.Insertion loss - 插入損耗

The optical power loss caused by inserting a component in the light path.

121.Return loss - 回波損耗

The ratio of incident to reflected power at a fiber connection.

122.Bend loss - 彎曲損耗

Optical loss caused by bending the fiber beyond its minimum bend radius.

123.Cutoff wavelength - 截止波長(zhǎng)

The minimum wavelength at which a fiber operates in single-mode.

124.V-parameter - V參數(shù)

Normalized frequency parameter: V = (2π/λ)·a·NA, determining number of modes.

125.Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) - 光纖布拉格光柵

A periodic refractive index modulation in fiber core that reflects specific wavelengths.

第六部分：光學(xué)調(diào)制與控制 (Optical Modulation & Control)

126.Modulation - 調(diào)制

The process of varying light properties to encode information.

127.Amplitude modulation - 振幅調(diào)制

Varying the intensity of light to encode information.

128.Phase modulation - 相位調(diào)制

Varying the phase of light waves to encode information.

129.Frequency modulation - 頻率調(diào)制

Varying the optical frequency to encode information.

130.Electro-optic effect - 電光效應(yīng)

Change in refractive index of a material in response to electric field.

131.Acousto-optic effect - 聲光效應(yīng)

Interaction between light and sound waves in a material.

132.Magneto-optic effect - 磁光效應(yīng)

Change in light propagation due to magnetic field.

133.Modulator - 調(diào)制器

A device that controls light properties for signal encoding.

134.Electro-optic modulator (EOM) - 電光調(diào)制器

A device using electro-optic effect to modulate light.

135.Acousto-optic modulator (AOM) - 聲光調(diào)制器

A device using sound waves to diffract and shift light frequency.

136.Spatial light modulator (SLM) - 空間光調(diào)制器

A device that modulates light spatially across its aperture.

137.Liquid crystal - 液晶

Materials whose optical properties can be controlled by electric fields.

138.Pockels cell - 普克爾盒

An electro-optic device for fast polarization switching.

139.Kerr cell - 克爾盒

A device using Kerr effect for light modulation.

140.Chopper - 斬波器

A mechanical device that periodically interrupts a light beam.

第七部分：光學(xué)測(cè)量 (Optical Measurements)

141.Power meter - 功率計(jì)

An instrument measuring optical power in watts.

142.Spectrum analyzer -?頻譜分析儀

An instrument measuring optical power as a function of wavelength.

143.Spectrometer - 光譜儀

An instrument that separates and measures spectral components of light.

144.Interferometer - 干涉儀

An instrument using interference to make precise measurements.

145.Autocorrelator - 自相關(guān)儀

An instrument measuring ultrashort pulse duration.

146.Beam profiler - 光束分析儀

An instrument measuring spatial intensity distribution of a beam.

147.Wavemeter - 波長(zhǎng)計(jì)

An instrument for precise wavelength measurement.

148.Photometer - 光度計(jì)

An instrument measuring light intensity or illuminance.

149.Radiometer - 輻射計(jì)

An instrument measuring radiant energy or power.

150.Ellipsometer - 橢偏儀

An instrument measuring film thickness and optical constants.

151.Lock-in amplifier - 鎖相放大器

An instrument extracting signals from noisy backgrounds using phase-sensitive detection.

152.Optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) - 光譜分析儀

An instrument displaying optical power versus wavelength.

153.Time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) - 時(shí)域反射儀

An instrument characterizing fiber optic links.

154.Calibration - 校準(zhǔn)

The process of adjusting instrument readings to match known standards.

155.Reference - 參考

A known standard used for comparison in measurements.

第八部分：成像系統(tǒng) (Imaging Systems)

156.Microscope - 顯微鏡

An instrument for viewing objects too small for the naked eye.

157.Telescope - 望遠(yuǎn)鏡

An instrument for viewing distant objects.

158.Camera - 相機(jī)

A device for capturing and recording images.

159.Image sensor - 圖像傳感器

A device converting optical images to electrical signals.

160.Pixel - 像素

The smallest addressable element in an image sensor or display.

161.Resolution - 分辨率

The ability to distinguish fine details in an image.

162.Contrast - 對(duì)比度

The difference in luminance between bright and dark regions.

163.Depth of field - 景深

The range of distances over which objects appear sharp.

164.Exposure - 曝光

The amount of light reaching the sensor during image capture.

165.Focus - 焦點(diǎn)/對(duì)焦

The state of maximum sharpness in an image.

166.Zoom - 變焦

Changing the focal length to vary magnification.

167.Imaging lens - 成像透鏡

A lens system designed to form images.

168.Relay lens - 中繼透鏡

A lens system that transfers an image from one location to another.

169.Confocal - 共聚焦

An imaging technique using point illumination and detection for improved resolution.

170.Wide-field - 寬場(chǎng)

Imaging that illuminates and detects from a large area simultaneously.

第九部分：光學(xué)材料特性 (Optical Material Properties)

171.Transmittance - 透過(guò)率

The fraction of incident light transmitted through a material.

172.Reflectance - 反射率

The fraction of incident light reflected from a surface.

173.Absorbance - 吸光度

A measure of light absorption: A = -log(T).

174.Optical density - 光密度

Logarithmic measure of transmittance: OD = -log??(T).

175.Extinction coefficient - 消光系數(shù)

The imaginary part of complex refractive index, indicating absorption.

176.Dispersion relation - 色散關(guān)系

The relationship between refractive index and wavelength.

177.Sellmeier equation - 塞爾邁耶方程

An empirical formula describing refractive index versus wavelength.

178.Abbe number - 阿貝數(shù)

A measure of material dispersion in the visible spectrum.

179.Thermal coefficient - 熱系數(shù)

The change in optical properties with temperature.

180.Damage threshold - 損傷閾值

The maximum light intensity a material can withstand without damage.

181.Nonlinear coefficient - 非線性系數(shù)

Parameters describing intensity-dependent optical effects.

182.Transparency range - 透明范圍

The wavelength range over which a material transmits light.

183.Optical quality - 光學(xué)質(zhì)量

A measure of material homogeneity and surface perfection.

184.Stress birefringence - 應(yīng)力雙折射

Birefringence induced by mechanical stress.

185.Surface roughness - 表面粗糙度

The deviation of a surface from perfect smoothness.

第十部分：光學(xué)涂層 (Optical Coatings)

186.Coating - 鍍膜

Thin film layers deposited on optical surfaces.

187.Antireflection (AR) coating - 增透膜

Coating that reduces surface reflection.

188.High-reflection (HR) coating - 高反膜

Coating providing maximum reflectivity.

189.Dielectric coating - 介電膜

Non-conducting multilayer coating for optical functions.

190.Metallic coating - 金屬膜

Reflective coating using metals like aluminum or gold.

191.Multilayer - 多層膜

Stack of thin films with alternating refractive indices.

192.Thin film - 薄膜

Layer with thickness comparable to light wavelength.

193.Interference coating - 干涉膜

Coating utilizing interference effects for spectral control.

194.Bandpass coating - 帶通膜

Coating transmitting specific wavelength range.

195.Edge filter - 邊緣濾波器

Coating with sharp transition between transmission and reflection.

196.Dichroic coating - 二向色膜

Coating reflecting some wavelengths while transmitting others.

197.Beam splitter coating - 分束膜

Coating providing specific reflection/transmission ratio.

198.Protective coating - 保護(hù)膜

Coating protecting optical surfaces from environmental damage.

199.Hard coating - 硬膜

Durable coating resistant to mechanical damage.

200.Sol-gel coating - 溶膠-凝膠膜

Coating produced by chemical solution deposition.

第十一部分：非線性光學(xué)基礎(chǔ) (Nonlinear Optics Basics)

201.Nonlinear optics - 非線性光學(xué)

Study of phenomena where light properties depend on intensity.

202.Second harmonic generation (SHG) - 二次諧波產(chǎn)生

Frequency doubling: converting light to twice its frequency.

203.Third harmonic generation - 三次諧波產(chǎn)生

Converting light to three times its frequency.

204.Sum frequency generation - 和頻產(chǎn)生

Combining two photons to create one at sum frequency.

205.Difference frequency generation - 差頻產(chǎn)生

Creating light at the frequency difference of two inputs.

206.Parametric amplification - 參量放大

Amplifying signal using nonlinear interaction with pump beam.

207.Optical parametric oscillator (OPO) - 光參量振蕩器

Device generating tunable wavelengths through parametric process.

208.Four-wave mixing - 四波混頻

Nonlinear process involving interaction of four photons.

209.Self-phase modulation - 自相位調(diào)制

Phase shift induced by a beam's own intensity.

210.Cross-phase modulation - 交叉相位調(diào)制

Phase shift induced by another beam's intensity.

211.Self-focusing - 自聚焦

Beam focusing due to intensity-dependent refractive index.

212.Kerr effect - 克爾效應(yīng)

Refractive index change proportional to light intensity.

213.Two-photon absorption - 雙光子吸收

Simultaneous absorption of two photons.

214.Saturable absorption - 可飽和吸收

Decreased absorption at high intensities.

215.Phase matching - 相位匹配

Condition for efficient nonlinear optical processes.

216.Quasi-phase matching - 準(zhǔn)相位匹配

Phase matching using periodic structure.

217.Nonlinear crystal - 非線性晶體

Crystal with large nonlinear optical coefficients.

218.Poling - 極化

Process of aligning domains in nonlinear materials.

219.Walk-off - 走離

Spatial separation of beams due to birefringence.

220.Conversion efficiency - 轉(zhuǎn)換效率

Ratio of output to input power in nonlinear process.

第十二部分：光譜學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ) (Spectroscopy Terms)

221.Spectroscopy - 光譜學(xué)

Study of interaction between light and matter versus wavelength.

222.Spectrum - 光譜

Distribution of light intensity versus wavelength or frequency.

223.Absorption spectrum - 吸收光譜

Spectrum showing wavelengths absorbed by a sample.

224.Emission spectrum - 發(fā)射光譜

Spectrum of light emitted by a source.

225.Fluorescence - 熒光

Light emission from excited molecules returning to ground state.

226.Phosphorescence - 磷光

Delayed light emission after excitation ceases.

227.Raman scattering - 拉曼散射

Inelastic scattering with energy transfer to molecular vibrations.

228.Stokes shift - 斯托克斯位移

Energy difference between absorbed and emitted photons.

229.Line shape - 譜線形狀

The intensity profile of a spectral line.

230.Linewidth - 譜線寬度

The width of a spectral line at half maximum.

231.Spectral resolution - 光譜分辨率

Ability to distinguish closely spaced spectral features.

232.Free spectral range - 自由光譜范圍

Wavelength spacing between adjacent orders in a spectrometer.

233.Finesse - 精細(xì)度

Ratio of free spectral range to resolution.

234.Monochromator - 單色儀

Device selecting narrow wavelength band from broad spectrum.

235.Diffraction grating - 衍射光柵

Element dispersing light by wavelength through diffraction.

236.Blaze angle - 閃耀角

Grating angle optimized for specific wavelength.

237.Order - 級(jí)次

Integer describing diffraction angle in grating equation.

238.Bandwidth - 帶寬

Range of wavelengths in a spectral feature.

239.Peak wavelength - 峰值波長(zhǎng)

Wavelength of maximum intensity in spectrum.

240.Center wavelength - 中心波長(zhǎng)

Average wavelength of a spectral band.

第十三部分：激光類型 (Laser Types)

241.Gas laser - 氣體激光器

Laser using gas as gain medium (e.g., He-Ne, CO?).

242.Solid-state laser - 固體激光器

Laser using crystalline or glass host doped with ions.

243.Semiconductor laser - 半導(dǎo)體激光器

Laser using semiconductor junction as gain medium, also called laser diode.

244.Fiber laser - 光纖激光器

Laser with optical fiber as gain medium, typically doped with rare-earth ions.

245.Dye laser - 染料激光器

Laser using organic dye solution as gain medium, widely tunable.

246.Diode laser - 二極管激光器

Semiconductor laser based on p-n junction, compact and efficient.

247.DPSS laser - 二極管泵浦固體激光器

Diode-Pumped Solid-State laser combining diode pump with solid-state gain medium.

248.Nd:YAG - 摻釹釔鋁石榴石

Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet, common solid-state laser medium.

249.Ti:sapphire - 鈦寶石激光器

Titanium-doped sapphire laser, widely tunable in near-infrared.

250.Excimer laser - 準(zhǔn)分子激光器

UV laser using excited dimers of noble gases and halogens.

251.VCSEL - 垂直腔面發(fā)射激光器

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser with emission perpendicular to chip surface.

252.DFB laser - 分布反饋激光器

Distributed Feedback laser with grating-based wavelength selection.

253.External cavity laser - 外腔激光器

Laser with feedback from external optical element for tuning.

254.Quantum cascade laser - 量子級(jí)聯(lián)激光器

Semiconductor laser using intersubband transitions.

255.Superluminescent diode - 超輻射發(fā)光二極管

High-brightness LED with amplified spontaneous emission.

第十四部分：光學(xué)系統(tǒng)參數(shù) (Optical System Parameters)

256.Transmission efficiency - 傳輸效率

Ratio of output to input power in an optical system.

257.Throughput - 通量

The light-gathering power of an optical system.

258.Etendue - 光學(xué)擴(kuò)展量

Conserved quantity in optical systems: area times solid angle.

259.F-number (f/#) - F數(shù)

Ratio of focal length to aperture diameter.

260.Working distance - 工作距離

Distance from last optical surface to object or image.

261.Back focal length - 后焦距

Distance from last lens surface to focal point.

262.Entrance pupil - 入瞳

Image of aperture stop as seen from object space.

263.Exit pupil - 出瞳

Image of aperture stop as seen from image space.

264.Principal plane - 主平面

Reference plane for measuring focal length.

265.Nodal point - 節(jié)點(diǎn)

Point through which rays pass undeviated.

266.Optical transfer function - 光學(xué)傳遞函數(shù)

Frequency response of an imaging system.

267.Modulation transfer function (MTF) - 調(diào)制傳遞函數(shù)

Contrast transfer versus spatial frequency.

268.Point spread function (PSF) - 點(diǎn)擴(kuò)散函數(shù)

Image of a point source through optical system.

269.Encircled energy - 環(huán)圍能量

Fraction of total energy within given radius.

270.Strehl ratio - 斯特列爾比

Peak intensity ratio of aberrated to perfect PSF.

第十五部分：光學(xué)制造術(shù)語(yǔ) (Optical Fabrication Terms)

271.Polishing - 拋光

Process of creating smooth optical surfaces.

272.Grinding - 研磨

Initial shaping of optical components.

273.Lapping - 研磨拋光

Fine grinding process for flat surfaces.

274.Surface figure - 面形

Deviation of surface from ideal shape.

275.Surface quality - 表面質(zhì)量

Specification of scratches and digs (e.g., 40-20).

276.Flatness - 平面度

Deviation from perfect plane, measured in waves.

277.Power - 曲率

Optical power or curvature of a surface.

278.Irregularity - 不規(guī)則度

Non-uniform deviation from ideal surface.

279.Wedge - 楔角

Angle between two surfaces of an optical element.

280.Centering - 中心定位

Alignment of optical axis with mechanical axis.

281.Clear aperture - 通光孔徑

Usable area of an optical component.

282.Edge thickness - 邊緣厚度

Thickness at the edge of a lens.

283.Center thickness - 中心厚度

Thickness at the center of a lens.

284.Bevel - 倒角

Angled edge to prevent chipping.

285.Substrate - 基片

Base material for optical component.

第十六部分：光通信術(shù)語(yǔ) (Optical Communications)

286.Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) - 波分復(fù)用

Combining multiple wavelengths in single fiber.

287.Dense WDM (DWDM) - 密集波分復(fù)用

WDM with closely spaced channels (<1nm).

288.Channel - 信道

Single wavelength carrier in WDM system.

289.Optical amplifier - 光放大器

Device amplifying optical signals without conversion to electrical.

290.Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) - 摻鉺光纖放大器

Fiber amplifier for 1550nm telecommunications window.

291.Optical add-drop multiplexer - 光分插復(fù)用器

Device adding/removing wavelength channels.

292.Bit rate - 比特率

Data transmission rate in bits per second.

293.Bit error rate (BER) - 誤碼率

Ratio of incorrect to total transmitted bits.

294.Eye diagram - 眼圖

Oscilloscope display showing digital signal quality.

295.Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) - 光信噪比

Ratio of signal to noise power in optical domain.

296.Chromatic dispersion - 色度色散

Pulse broadening due to wavelength-dependent velocity.

297.Polarization mode dispersion - 偏振模色散

Pulse broadening due to polarization-dependent velocity.

298.Forward error correction - 前向糾錯(cuò)

Error correction without retransmission.

299.Transceiver - 收發(fā)器

Combined optical transmitter and receiver.

300.Link budget - 鏈路預(yù)算

Power accounting in optical communication system.

第十七部分：量子光學(xué)基礎(chǔ) (Quantum Optics Basics)

301.Quantum state - 量子態(tài)

Complete description of a quantum system.

302.Coherent state - 相干態(tài)

Quantum state closest to classical light.

303.Fock state - 數(shù)態(tài)

Quantum state with definite photon number.

304.Squeezed state - 壓縮態(tài)

State with reduced noise in one quadrature.

305.Entanglement - 糾纏

Quantum correlation between particles.

306.Single photon - 單光子

Quantum state with exactly one photon.

307.Photon counting - 光子計(jì)數(shù)

Detection of individual photons.

308.Quantum efficiency - 量子效率

Probability of detecting an incident photon.

309.Quantum noise - 量子噪聲

Fundamental noise from quantum nature of light.

310.Shot noise - 散粒噪聲

Noise from discrete nature of photons.

311.Quantum dot - 量子點(diǎn)

Nanoscale semiconductor with quantum confinement.

312.Quantum well - 量子阱

Thin semiconductor layer with quantum confinement.

313.Quantum wire - 量子線

One-dimensional quantum confined structure.

314.Spontaneous parametric down-conversion - 自發(fā)參量下轉(zhuǎn)換

Process generating entangled photon pairs.

315.Hong-Ou-Mandel effect - HOM效應(yīng)

Quantum interference of indistinguishable photons.

第十八部分：顯微鏡技術(shù) (Microscopy Techniques)

316.Bright field - 明場(chǎng)

Standard microscopy with uniform illumination.

317.Dark field - 暗場(chǎng)

Microscopy detecting only scattered light.

318.Phase contrast - 相襯

Technique converting phase to intensity variations.

319.Differential interference contrast (DIC) - 微分干涉

Technique enhancing contrast using polarized light.

320.Fluorescence microscopy - 熒光顯微鏡

Imaging using fluorescent labels.

321.Confocal microscopy - 共聚焦顯微鏡

Point scanning with pinhole for optical sectioning.

322.Two-photon microscopy - 雙光子顯微鏡

Nonlinear microscopy using two-photon excitation.

323.TIRF (Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence) - 全內(nèi)反射熒光

Surface-selective fluorescence microscopy.

324.Super-resolution - 超分辨

Techniques exceeding diffraction limit.

325.STED (Stimulated Emission Depletion) - 受激發(fā)射損耗

Super-resolution using depletion beam.

326.PALM/STORM - 光激活定位顯微鏡/隨機(jī)光學(xué)重建顯微鏡

Single-molecule localization microscopy.

327.Light sheet microscopy - 光片顯微鏡

Selective plane illumination microscopy.

328.Optical sectioning - 光學(xué)切片

Imaging thin sections without physical cutting.

329.Deconvolution - 反卷積

Computational improvement of image quality.

330.Immersion oil - 浸油

High-index liquid for increasing NA.

第十九部分：光學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)術(shù)語(yǔ) (Optical Design Terms)

331.Ray tracing - 光線追跡

Computational method following light paths.

332.Paraxial optics - 近軸光學(xué)

Approximation for rays near optical axis.

333.Chief ray - 主光線

Ray passing through center of aperture stop.

334.Marginal ray - 邊緣光線

Ray passing through edge of aperture stop.

335.Meridional ray - 子午光線

Ray in plane containing optical axis.

336.Skew ray - 斜光線

Ray not passing through optical axis.

337.Cardinal points - 基點(diǎn)

Principal points, focal points, and nodal points.

338.Pupil - 光瞳

Image of aperture stop.

339.Vignetting - 漸暈

Gradual reduction of intensity toward image edge.

340.Telecentricity - 遠(yuǎn)心性

Property where chief rays are parallel to optical axis.

341.Conjugate - 共軛

Object and image points related by imaging.

342.Optical invariant - 光學(xué)不變量

Conserved quantity in optical system.

343.Lagrange invariant - 拉格朗日不變量

Product of ray height, angle, and refractive index.

344.Merit function - 評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)

Mathematical function for optimization.

345.Tolerance - 公差

Acceptable deviation from nominal value.

第二十部分：光子學(xué)應(yīng)用 (Photonics Applications)

346.LIDAR - 激光雷達(dá)

Light Detection and Ranging for distance measurement.

347.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) - 光學(xué)相干斷層掃描

Medical imaging using low-coherence interferometry.

348.Flow cytometry - 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)

Cell analysis using laser scattering and fluorescence.

349.Laser scanning - 激光掃描

Systematic beam movement for imaging or processing.

350.Barcode reader - 條形碼閱讀器

Device using laser to read barcodes.

351.CD/DVD/Blu-ray - 光盤

Optical data storage using laser reading.

352.Laser printer - 激光打印機(jī)

Printer using laser for image formation.

353.Laser cutting - 激光切割

Material processing using focused laser.

354.Laser welding - 激光焊接

Joining materials using laser heat.

355.Laser marking - 激光打標(biāo)

Surface modification for identification.

356.Photolithography - 光刻

Pattern transfer using light exposure.

357.Mask aligner - 掩模對(duì)準(zhǔn)器

Equipment for photolithography alignment.

358.Stepper - 步進(jìn)光刻機(jī)

Projection lithography system.

359.Laser therapy - 激光治療

Medical treatment using laser.

360.Photodynamic therapy - 光動(dòng)力療法

Cancer treatment using light-activated drugs.

第二十一部分：光學(xué)現(xiàn)象 (Optical Phenomena)

361.Total internal reflection - 全內(nèi)反射

Complete reflection at interface when angle exceeds critical angle.

362.Critical angle - 臨界角

Minimum angle for total internal reflection.

363.Brewster angle - 布儒斯特角

Angle where p-polarized light has zero reflection.

364.Fresnel reflection - 菲涅爾反射

Reflection at interface between different media.

365.Frustrated total internal reflection - 受抑全內(nèi)反射

Leakage through thin gap in total internal reflection.

366.Evanescent wave - 倏逝波

Exponentially decaying wave beyond total internal reflection.

367.Surface plasmon - 表面等離子體

Electron oscillation at metal-dielectric interface.

368.Photonic bandgap - 光子帶隙

Wavelength range forbidden in photonic crystal.

369.Slow light - 慢光

Light with reduced group velocity.

370.Fast light - 快光

Light with superluminal group velocity.

371.Optical vortex - 光學(xué)渦旋

Light beam with helical phase structure.

372.Orbital angular momentum - 軌道角動(dòng)量

Angular momentum from helical wavefront.

373.Spin angular momentum - 自旋角動(dòng)量

Angular momentum from circular polarization.

374.Optical soliton - 光孤子

Self-maintaining wave packet.

375.Supercontinuum - 超連續(xù)譜

Broad spectrum from nonlinear propagation.

第二十二部分：探測(cè)器特性 (Detector Characteristics)

376.Sensitivity - 靈敏度

Minimum detectable signal level.

377.Linearity - 線性度

Proportional response over dynamic range.

378.Saturation - 飽和

Maximum signal level before nonlinear response.

379.Response time - 響應(yīng)時(shí)間

Time to respond to input change.

380.Dead time - 死時(shí)間

Recovery time after detection event.

381.Gain - 增益

Signal amplification factor.

382.Read noise - 讀出噪聲

Noise from detector readout electronics.

383.Thermal noise - 熱噪聲

Noise from thermal carrier generation.

384.Integration time - 積分時(shí)間

Signal accumulation period.

385.Frame rate - 幀率

Image acquisition rate per second.

386.Fill factor - 填充因子

Ratio of sensitive to total pixel area.

387.Quantum yield - 量子產(chǎn)率

Electrons generated per absorbed photon.

388.Spectral response - 光譜響應(yīng)

Sensitivity versus wavelength.

389.Peak wavelength - 峰值波長(zhǎng)

Wavelength of maximum sensitivity.

390.Cutoff wavelength - 截止波長(zhǎng)

Wavelength limit of detector response.

第二十三部分：激光安全 (Laser Safety)

391.Laser class - 激光等級(jí)

Safety classification (Class 1, 2, 3R, 3B, 4).

392.Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) - 最大允許暴露

Safe exposure limit for eye or skin.

393.Nominal hazard zone - 名義危險(xiǎn)區(qū)

Area where MPE is exceeded.

394.Optical density (OD) - 光密度

Attenuation factor of laser safety glasses.

395.Laser safety goggles - 激光防護(hù)鏡

Eyewear protecting against laser radiation.

396.Interlock - 聯(lián)鎖

Safety mechanism preventing hazardous operation.

397.Beam stop - 光束終止器

Device safely absorbing laser beam.

398.Enclosure - 防護(hù)罩

Physical barrier containing laser radiation.

399.Warning label - 警告標(biāo)簽

Safety signage indicating laser hazard.

400.Standard operating procedure - 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作程序

Safety protocol for laser operation.

第二十四部分：光學(xué)單位 (Optical Units)

401.Watt (W) - 瓦特

Unit of optical power.

402.Joule (J) - 焦耳

Unit of energy.

403.Hertz (Hz) - 赫茲

Unit of frequency (cycles per second).

404.Meter (m) - 米

Unit of length (wavelength in nm, μm).

405.Second (s) - 秒

Unit of time (pulse duration in fs, ps, ns).

406.Candela (cd) - 坎德拉

Unit of luminous intensity.

407.Lumen (lm) - 流明

Unit of luminous flux.

408.Lux (lx) - 勒克斯

Unit of illuminance (lm/m2).

409.Decibel (dB) - 分貝

Logarithmic unit for power ratios.

410.Parts per million (ppm) - 百萬(wàn)分之一

Unit for small concentrations or changes.

411.Radian (rad) - 弧度

Unit of angle (beam divergence).

412.Steradian (sr) - 立體弧度

Unit of solid angle.

413.Electron volt (eV) - 電子伏特

Unit of photon energy.

414.Wave number - 波數(shù)

Reciprocal wavelength (cm?1).

415.Finesse - 精細(xì)度

Dimensionless cavity quality factor.

第二十五部分：偏振相關(guān) (Polarization Related)

416.Linear polarization - 線偏振

Electric field oscillating in single plane.

417.Circular polarization - 圓偏振

Electric field rotating at constant amplitude.

418.Elliptical polarization - 橢圓偏振

General polarization state between linear and circular.

419.S-polarization - S偏振

Perpendicular to plane of incidence (TE).

420.P-polarization - P偏振

Parallel to plane of incidence (TM).

421.Polarization degree - 偏振度

Ratio of polarized to total intensity.

422.Extinction ratio - 消光比

Ratio of transmitted to blocked polarization.

423.Retardance - 延遲量

Phase delay between polarization components.

424.Fast axis - 快軸

Axis with lower refractive index in birefringent material.

425.Slow axis - 慢軸

Axis with higher refractive index in birefringent material.

426.Jones vector - 瓊斯矢量

Mathematical representation of polarization state.

427.Stokes parameters - 斯托克斯參數(shù)

Set of values describing polarization state.

428.Poincaré sphere - 龐加萊球

Geometric representation of polarization states.

429.Faraday rotation - 法拉第旋轉(zhuǎn)

Polarization rotation in magnetic field.

430.Optical activity - 旋光性

Natural rotation of polarization in certain materials.

第二十六部分：干涉測(cè)量 (Interferometry)

431.Interferogram - 干涉圖

Pattern produced by interfering beams.

432.Fringe - 條紋

Bright or dark band in interference pattern.

433.Fringe visibility - 條紋可見(jiàn)度

Contrast of interference fringes.

434.Path difference - 光程差

Optical path difference between interfering beams.

435.Coherence length - 相干長(zhǎng)度

Maximum path difference for observable interference.

436.Temporal coherence - 時(shí)間相干性

Correlation of wave with itself at different times.

437.Spatial coherence - 空間相干性

Correlation between different points of wavefront.

438.Reference beam - 參考光束

Known beam for interference comparison.

439.Test beam - 測(cè)試光束

Beam containing information to be measured.

440.Phase shift - 相移

Change in phase between interfering beams.

441.Michelson interferometer - 邁克爾遜干涉儀

Two-beam interferometer with perpendicular arms.

442.Mach-Zehnder interferometer - 馬赫-曾德?tīng)柛缮鎯x

Two-beam interferometer with separate paths.

443.Fabry-Perot interferometer - 法布里-珀羅干涉儀

Multiple-beam interferometer using parallel mirrors.

444.Sagnac interferometer - 薩格納克干涉儀

Ring interferometer for rotation sensing.

445.White light interferometry - 白光干涉

Interferometry using broadband source.

第二十七部分：光束特性 (Beam Characteristics)

446.Beam diameter - 光束直徑

Width of laser beam at specified intensity level.

447.Beam radius - 光束半徑

Half of beam diameter, typically at 1/e2 intensity.

448.Beam divergence - 光束發(fā)散角

Rate of beam diameter increase with distance.

449.Beam parameter product - 光束參數(shù)積

Product of beam radius and divergence angle.

450.Brightness - 亮度

Power per unit area per unit solid angle.

451.Radiance - 輻射亮度

Radiometric brightness.

452.Irradiance - 輻照度

Power per unit area.

453.Fluence - 通量

Energy per unit area.

454.Spot size - 光斑尺寸

Beam diameter at focus or target.

455.Beam quality - 光束質(zhì)量

Measure of beam focusability (M2 factor).

456.Astigmatism - 像散

Different focal positions for orthogonal axes.

457.Beam wander - 光束漂移

Random beam position variation.

458.Beam pointing stability - 光束指向穩(wěn)定性

Consistency of beam direction.

459.Centroid - 質(zhì)心

Center of beam intensity distribution.

460.Beam profile - 光束輪廓

Spatial intensity distribution.

第二十八部分：光學(xué)接口 (Optical Interfaces)

461.FC connector - FC連接器

Fiber connector with threaded coupling.

462.SC connector - SC連接器

Subscriber connector with push-pull coupling.

463.LC connector - LC連接器

Lucent connector, small form factor.

464.ST connector - ST連接器

Straight tip connector with bayonet coupling.

465.SMA connector - SMA連接器

SubMiniature version A threaded connector.

466.Ferrule - 插芯

Precision tube holding fiber in connector.

467.Physical contact (PC) - 物理接觸

Connector with physical fiber contact.

468.Angled physical contact (APC) - 斜角物理接觸

Connector with angled endface for low reflection.

469.Adapter - 適配器

Device connecting two fiber connectors.

470.Patch cord - 跳線

Fiber cable with connectors for temporary connections.

471.Pigtail - 尾纖

Fiber with connector on one end only.

472.Bulkhead - 隔板連接器

Panel-mount fiber connector.

473.Mating sleeve - 對(duì)接套管

Alignment sleeve in fiber connector.

474.Boot - 護(hù)套

Strain relief at connector-cable junction.

475.Key - 鍵槽

Alignment feature preventing rotation.

第二十九部分：光學(xué)測(cè)試 (Optical Testing)

476.Insertion loss test - 插入損耗測(cè)試

Measuring power loss through component.

477.Return loss test - 回波損耗測(cè)試

Measuring back-reflected power.

478.OTDR test - OTDR測(cè)試

Time-domain reflectometry for fiber characterization.

479.Continuity test - 連續(xù)性測(cè)試

Verifying optical path integrity.

480.Spectral test - 光譜測(cè)試

Measuring wavelength characteristics.

481.Polarization test - 偏振測(cè)試

Measuring polarization properties.

482.Beam quality test - 光束質(zhì)量測(cè)試

Measuring M2 and beam parameters.

483.Power stability test - 功率穩(wěn)定性測(cè)試

Monitoring power fluctuations over time.

484.Wavelength stability test - 波長(zhǎng)穩(wěn)定性測(cè)試

Monitoring wavelength drift.

485.Environmental test - 環(huán)境測(cè)試

Testing under temperature/humidity variations.

486.Burn-in test - 老化測(cè)試

Extended operation to identify early failures.

487.Compliance test - 符合性測(cè)試

Verifying specifications are met.

488.Acceptance test - 驗(yàn)收測(cè)試

Final verification before delivery.

489.Calibration - 校準(zhǔn)

Adjusting to match standard reference.

490.Traceability - 可追溯性

Link to national measurement standards.

第三十部分：前沿應(yīng)用 (Emerging Applications)

491.Silicon photonics - 硅光子學(xué)

Photonic devices on silicon platform.

492.Integrated photonics - 集成光子學(xué)

Multiple photonic functions on single chip.

493.Metamaterials - 超材料

Engineered structures with unusual optical properties.

494.Plasmonics - 等離子體光學(xué)

Optics using surface plasmon polaritons.

495.Nanophotonics - 納米光子學(xué)

Light interaction at nanoscale.

496.Biophotonics - 生物光子學(xué)

Photonics applied to biology and medicine.

497.Quantum computing - 量子計(jì)算

Computing using quantum mechanical phenomena.

498.Quantum communication - 量子通信

Secure communication using quantum properties.

499.Photonic neural network - 光子神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

Optical implementation of neural networks.

500.Frequency comb - 光頻梳

Precise optical frequency ruler for metrology.

使用指南

學(xué)習(xí)建議

基礎(chǔ)優(yōu)先：先掌握前100個(gè)最基本的詞匯
分類學(xué)習(xí)：按照工作/研究需要選擇相關(guān)類別深入學(xué)習(xí)
實(shí)踐結(jié)合：在閱讀文獻(xiàn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)中應(yīng)用這些詞匯
定期復(fù)習(xí)：通過(guò)使用鞏固記憶

如何使用本手冊(cè)

查閱參考：寫論文時(shí)查找準(zhǔn)確的專業(yè)表達(dá)
系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)：按類別系統(tǒng)掌握相關(guān)詞匯
交流準(zhǔn)備：國(guó)際會(huì)議前復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)
教學(xué)資源：作為研究生英語(yǔ)教學(xué)參考

結(jié)語(yǔ)

這500個(gè)核心詞匯構(gòu)成了光子學(xué)領(lǐng)域交流的基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)言。通過(guò)理解每個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確定義，研究生不僅能夠更好地理解專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)，還能在國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交流中準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)自己的研究工作。建議結(jié)合實(shí)際應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景學(xué)習(xí)這些詞匯，在實(shí)踐中加深理解。

KEWLAB中國(guó)技術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)編撰 2025年版

注：本手冊(cè)將根據(jù)技術(shù)發(fā)展定期更新

October 22, 2025 | View: 145 | Categories: 應(yīng)用指南

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